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SQLAlchemy是一个强大的Python SQL工具箱, 提供了包括ORM在内的各种支持.
首先使用pip安装;
pip install SQLAlchemy
SQL Expression Language 是SQLAlchemy Core的组成部分, 提供了与SQL类似的API而避免了直接书写SQL语句.
使用下列语句连接数据库:
from sqlalchemy import create_engineengine = create_engine("mysql://root:passwd@localhost:3306/webpy?charset=utf8", echo=True) create_engine的第一个参数的格式为:
数据库类型://用户名:密码@数据库主机地址/数据库名?编码
没有密码则为空，不填; echo=True则在终端进行回显, 默认为False.
engine可以直接执行sql语句:
engine.execute("SELECT * FROM user") 如果需要事务性操作则需要使用connect:
conn = engine.connect()result = conn.execute("SELECT * FROM user") 使用metadata和Table类来定义表:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKeyimport MySQLdbengine = create_engine("mysql://root:password@localhost:3306/test?charset=utf8", encoding="utf-8", echo=True)metadata = MetaData()# defineuser = Table('user', metadata, Column('user_id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20)), )# do create and commitmetadata.create_all(engine) 回显信息:
...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine CREATE TABLE user ( user_id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, name VARCHAR(20), PRIMARY KEY (user_id))....INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
使用engine.connect()来执行:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKeyimport MySQLdbengine = create_engine("mysql://root:password@localhost:3306/test?charset=utf8", encoding="utf-8", echo=True)metadata = MetaData()user = Table('user', metadata, Column('user_id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20)), Column('fullname', String(40)), )conn = engine.connect()i = user.insert()u = {'name': 'yichya'}result = conn.execute(i, **u) 仍然使用conn对象, 先做一个select * from user
conn = engine.connect()s = user.select()result = conn.execute(s)print (result.fetchall() )
回显:
INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT user.user_id, user.name, user.fullname FROM userINFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()[(1L, u'yichya', None)]
可以使用for-each遍历结果集:
>>>for raw in result:... print(raw)INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()(1L, u'yichya', None)(2L, u'finley', None)(3L, u'yy', None)(4L, u'godess', None)
使用user的column对象可以自定义查询的字段
>>>print(user.c)['user.user_id', 'user.name', 'user.fullname']
注意select不是从user对象中获得的:
from sqlalchemy.sql import selectconn = engine.connect()s = select([user.c.user_id, user.c.name])result = conn.execute(s)print (result.fetchall() )
可以在终端看到:
INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT user.user_id, user.name FROM userINFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()[(1L, u'yichya'), (2L, u'finley'), (3L, u'yy'), (4L, u'godess')]
使用where()筛选记录:
from sqlalchemy.sql import selectconn = engine.connect()s = select([user.c.name]).where(user.c.name == 'yy')result = conn.execute(s)print(result.fetchall() )
可以看到回显:
INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT user.name FROM user WHERE user.name = %s INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('yy',)[(u'yy',)] 实际上user.c重载了各种运算符:
>>>print(user.c.name == None)"user".name IS NULL
where支持的运算符包括: > < <= >= == 和 != , 逻辑符and,or, not需要用下述方法:
>>>from sqlalchemy.sql import and_>>>print(and_(user.c.user_id == address.c.user_id, address.c.city == 'New York') )"user".user_id = address.user_id AND address.city = :city_1
顺便展示了多表连接查询, 也可以使用join进行查询:
>>>s = select([user.c.name, address.c.email]).select_from(user.join(address, user.c.user_id==address.c.user_id))>>>print sSELECT "user".name, address.email FROM "user" JOIN address ON "user".user_id = address.user_id
更多的查询请参见,文末的参考链接.
仍然使用connect执行:
conn = engine.connect()u = user.update().where(user.name == 'yichya').values(name='aa')result = conn.execute(u)
delete也很简单:
>>>d = user.delete().where(user.c.name == 'yichya')>>>conn.execute(d)INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine DELETE FROM user WHERE user.name = %sINFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('yichya',)INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT 参考资料:
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